From: tabnak.ir
Subject: روزه‌داری،زمانی برای استراحت دستگاه گوارش
Date: Thu, 07 May 2026 08:43:11 +0330
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/related;
	boundary="--A74F77A0C950339BA9C2FB9A5A21E1F6_MULTIPART_MIXED";
	type="text/html"
X-MimeOLE: Produced By IRANSAMANEH.COM

This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

----A74F77A0C950339BA9C2FB9A5A21E1F6_MULTIPART_MIXED
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://mhtfile/index.html
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----A74F77A0C950339BA9C2FB9A5A21E1F6_MULTIPART_MIXED
Content-Type: image/vnd.microsoft.icon
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://mhtfile/favicon.ico
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----A74F77A0C950339BA9C2FB9A5A21E1F6_MULTIPART_MIXED--